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Beneath the Kalahari Desert, the underground geology is alternating layers of porous sandstone that can hold water, known as aquifers (orange and yellow), and layers of imperforate, waterless mudstone (grey). The yellow layer is the artesian layer, meaning that water rises very high in boreholes and may even flow out of the ground, as it does in the Ob and Nosob River valleys in some places.
The underground formations extend into Botswana and South Africa. The deepest aquifer is the 25-meter-thick Nossob Formation, which has limited production and water quality that deteriorates southward. The main and strongest aquifer consists of three layers of sandstone of the Auob Formation. Thicknesses vary from 25 to 185 meters. The Auob Formation provides all drinking water for towns from Leonardville to South Africa and from Stampriet to Botswana. It also provides all high-quality irrigation water. Many farms receive water of varying quality from the orange-colored Neu Loore Formation sandstone and the Kalahari Sands.
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