Pet Topic: Recognizing the Suffering of Pets and Livestock

Dr Rose Hasegawa, medical director of Te Are Manu Veterinary Clinic, writes that pain in animals – whether pets such as cats and dogs or livestock – can be difficult to recognise.

Unlike humans, animals cannot directly express that they are uncomfortable, so it is even more important for owners to recognize subtle signs and changes in behavior.

Identifying Pain in Cats

Cats are particularly good at hiding pain, a trait inherited from their wild ancestors to avoid appearing vulnerable. However, there are several signs that they are feeling unwell:

1. Behavioral changes: A cat in pain may become withdrawn, hide, or act aggressively when approached or handled. Increased vocalizations such as hissing, growling, or howling can also be a sign of pain.
2. Changing grooming habits: A cat in pain may over-groom a particular area to soothe it, or conversely, neglect grooming altogether, resulting in tangled or matted fur.
3. Dietary changes: A loss of appetite or reluctance to eat could be a sign of oral pain or general discomfort. Likewise, a noticeable increase or decrease in water intake could be a red flag.
4. Toilet problems: Painful conditions may cause changes in toilet habits, such as urinating or defecating outside the litter box, often due to conditions such as arthritis that make it difficult for cats to get in and out of the litter box.
5. Physical symptoms: Limping, difficulty jumping, or a stiff gait may indicate musculoskeletal pain. Swelling, redness, or discharge in specific areas are also worth noting.

Identifying Pain in Dogs

Dogs, while more expressive than cats, can also hide their pain to some extent. Key signs include:

1. Behavioral changes: A dog in pain may become less active and unwilling to play, walk, or exercise. Changes in temperament, such as becoming unusually aggressive or anxious, can also be a sign.
2. Voice: Whimpering, whimpering, or howling can be a direct sign of discomfort, especially if these sounds are made during exercise or being touched.
3. Appetite and drinking habits: As with cats, dogs in pain may eat less or drink less. Sudden changes in weight or eating habits should be monitored closely.
4. Irritability and sleeping problems: A dog in pain may have difficulty finding a comfortable resting position, resulting in frequent changes of sleeping spot or position.
5. Signs: Limping, limping, or stiffness, especially after resting, may indicate joint or muscle pain. Swelling, heat, or obvious injury should prompt medical attention.

Identifying pain in livestock

Livestock such as cattle, sheep and pigs also show specific signs of pain, but these are sometimes harder to observe due to their group behavior.

1. Changes in Movement: Lameness or reluctance to move may indicate pain in a limb or hoof. For example, cattle may show noticeable lameness or lie down for longer periods of time.
2. Changes in eating behavior: Decreased feed intake or rumination in ruminants such as cattle and sheep may be a sign of discomfort or pain. Pigs may have a reduced interest in rooting or foraging.
3. Voice: Increased vocalizations, such as bellowing in cattle or squealing in pigs, may indicate pain or distress, especially when associated with handling or movement.
4. Physical condition and posture: Animals in pain may show changes in posture, such as hunching their backs, pulling in their stomachs, or frequently shifting their weight. Poor body condition or sudden weight loss may also be symptoms.
5. Social Behavior: Animals that feel distress may isolate themselves from the group or behave aggressively toward other animals.

Identifying pain in pets and livestock requires keen observation and an understanding of normal and abnormal behavior. Early detection of signs of pain allows for timely veterinary intervention, which can prevent further suffering and improve the animal’s overall health. Owners should monitor their animals regularly and seek veterinary advice if they notice any signs of pain or discomfort. This proactive approach ensures that the animal lives a healthier, happier life.